[{"id":"creation-day-1","t":"Creation Day 1: light","j":287923,"k":"biblical","r":"Creation","n":"First day of the creation week, three days before the calendar's first Nisan 1.","s":"Genesis 1:3–5","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture"},{"id":"creation-day-4","t":"Creation Day 4: sun, moon and stars — the calendar begins","j":287926,"k":"biblical","r":"Creation","n":"The luminaries are made 'for signs and seasons, days and years'; the DSS calendar counts from this Wednesday.","s":"Genesis 1:14–19; dsscalendar.org","u":"https://dsscalendar.org/o/","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"creation-sabbath","t":"Creation Day 7: the first Sabbath","j":287929,"k":"biblical","r":"Creation","n":"God rests on the seventh day and blesses it.","s":"Genesis 2:1–3","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+2","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-genesis-7-11-flood-begins-fountains-of-the-deep-broken-up","t":"Flood begins; fountains of the deep broken up","j":892450,"k":"biblical","r":"Genesis 7:11","n":"Noah's family and the animals enter the ark the same day (7:13).","s":"Genesis 7:11 (see Genesis 7:13)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%207%3A11&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-genesis-8-4-ark-rests-on-the-mountains-of-ararat","t":"Ark rests on the mountains of Ararat","j":892602,"k":"biblical","r":"Genesis 8:4","n":"Exactly five months after the flood began; 7:24 and 8:3 give 150 days.","s":"Genesis 8:4","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%208%3A4&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-genesis-8-5-tops-of-the-mountains-seen","t":"Tops of the mountains seen","j":892677,"k":"biblical","r":"Genesis 8:5","n":"Waters receded until the tenth month.","s":"Genesis 8:5","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%208%3A5&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-genesis-8-13-waters-dried-up-noah-removes-the-ark-s-covering","t":"Waters dried up; Noah removes the ark's covering","j":892768,"k":"biblical","r":"Genesis 8:13","n":"First day of the new year after the flood.","s":"Genesis 8:13","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%208%3A13&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-genesis-8-14-earth-fully-dry-noah-told-to-leave-the-ark","t":"Earth fully dry; Noah told to leave the ark","j":892824,"k":"biblical","r":"Genesis 8:14","n":"Ten days more than one lunar year after the flood began on 2/17; the command to leave follows in 8:15–16.","s":"Genesis 8:14","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%208%3A14&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"abraham-born","t":"Abraham born","j":999056,"k":"biblical","r":"Ur","n":"Year from the Genesis 11 genealogy; the day is the one given by dsscalendar.org.","s":"Genesis 11; dsscalendar.org","u":"https://dsscalendar.org/o/","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"abraham-covenant","t":"Covenant with Abraham established","j":1024634,"k":"biblical","r":"Canaan","n":"430 years to the day before the Exodus.","s":"Genesis 15; Exodus 12:41; Galatians 3:17","u":"https://dsscalendar.org/o/","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-exodus-12-3-passover-lambs-selected-in-egypt","t":"Passover lambs selected in Egypt","j":1181681,"k":"biblical","r":"Exodus 12:3","n":"The lamb was set apart on the 10th and kept until the 14th (12:6).","s":"Exodus 12:3","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2012%3A3&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-exodus-12-6-first-passover-firstborn-of-egypt-struck-at-midn","t":"First Passover; firstborn of Egypt struck at midnight","j":1181685,"k":"biblical","r":"Exodus 12:6","n":"The lamb is killed at evening on the 14th; the plague comes at midnight (12:29), the night of the 14th going into the 15th.","s":"Exodus 12:6 (see Exodus 12:18, Exodus 12:29)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2012%3A6&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-numbers-33-3-israel-departs-from-rameses-the-exodus","t":"Israel departs from Rameses (the Exodus)","j":1181686,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 33:3","n":"The day after the Passover; Exodus 12:41 says it fell on the very day the 430 years ended.","s":"Numbers 33:3 (see Exodus 12:41, Exodus 12:51, Exodus 13:4, Deuteronomy 16:1)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2033%3A3&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-exodus-16-1-arrival-in-the-wilderness-of-sin-manna-follows","t":"Arrival in the Wilderness of Sin; manna follows","j":1181716,"k":"biblical","r":"Exodus 16:1","n":"Quail come that evening and manna the next morning (16:12–14), so manna starts on the 16th by inference.","s":"Exodus 16:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2016%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-exodus-19-1-arrival-at-the-wilderness-of-sinai","t":"Arrival at the Wilderness of Sinai","j":1181732,"k":"biblical","r":"Exodus 19:1","n":"The text says \"the same day\" without naming the day; it is often read as the 1st of the month (new moon), and some read it as the 15th.","s":"Exodus 19:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2019%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-exodus-40-17-tabernacle-set-up","t":"Tabernacle set up","j":1182043,"k":"biblical","r":"Exodus 40:17","n":"The command is in 40:2. Numbers 7:1 and 9:15 describe the same day, with the cloud covering the tabernacle.","s":"Exodus 40:17 (see Exodus 40:2, Numbers 7:1, Numbers 9:15)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2040%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-numbers-9-5-passover-kept-at-sinai","t":"Passover kept at Sinai","j":1182056,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 9:5","n":"First anniversary Passover, kept in the wilderness.","s":"Numbers 9:5 (see Numbers 9:1, Numbers 9:3)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%209%3A5&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-numbers-1-1-census-of-israel-ordered-at-sinai","t":"Census of Israel ordered at Sinai","j":1182073,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 1:1","n":"The congregation assembled on the same day (1:18).","s":"Numbers 1:1 (see Numbers 1:18)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%201%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-numbers-10-11-cloud-lifts-israel-sets-out-from-sinai","t":"Cloud lifts; Israel sets out from Sinai","j":1182092,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 10:11","n":"","s":"Numbers 10:11","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2010%3A11&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-numbers-20-1-israel-at-kadesh-in-the-desert-of-zin-miriam-di","t":"Israel at Kadesh in the Desert of Zin; Miriam dies","j":1195917,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 20:1","n":"Only the month is given; Aaron's death later the same year (33:38) points to the 40th year. Year not stated in the verse; usually taken as the 40th year.","s":"Numbers 20:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2020%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-numbers-33-38-aaron-dies-on-mount-hor","t":"Aaron dies on Mount Hor","j":1196038,"k":"biblical","r":"Numbers 33:38","n":"Numbers 20:28 also records his death but gives no date.","s":"Numbers 33:38 (see Numbers 20:28)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2033%3A38&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-deuteronomy-1-3-moses-begins-his-addresses-deuteronomy-in-mo","t":"Moses begins his addresses (Deuteronomy) in Moab","j":1196220,"k":"biblical","r":"Deuteronomy 1:3","n":"","s":"Deuteronomy 1:3","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%201%3A3&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-joshua-4-19-israel-crosses-the-jordan-and-camps-at-gilgal","t":"Israel crosses the Jordan and camps at Gilgal","j":1196290,"k":"biblical","r":"Joshua 4:19","n":"The same day of the month the Passover lamb was chosen in Egypt.","s":"Joshua 4:19","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%204%3A19&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-joshua-5-10-passover-kept-at-gilgal","t":"Passover kept at Gilgal","j":1196294,"k":"biblical","r":"Joshua 5:10","n":"The month comes from 4:19; the verse itself gives only the 14th day.","s":"Joshua 5:10","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%205%3A10&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-joshua-5-11-israel-first-eats-produce-of-canaan","t":"Israel first eats produce of Canaan","j":1196295,"k":"biblical","r":"Joshua 5:11","n":"\"The morrow after the passover\", read as the 15th.","s":"Joshua 5:11","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%205%3A11&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-joshua-5-12-manna-ceases","t":"Manna ceases","j":1196296,"k":"biblical","r":"Joshua 5:12","n":"Worked out from the text: the day after they first ate the land's produce.","s":"Joshua 5:12","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%205%3A12&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-3-2-solomon-begins-building-the-temple","t":"Solomon begins building the Temple","j":1357025,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 3:2","n":"1 Kings 6:1 and 6:37 give only the month (Zif = 2nd). The day comes from 2 Chronicles 3:2, where some scholars think \"second day\" may be a copying slip.","s":"2 Chronicles 3:2 (see 1 Kings 6:1, 1 Kings 6:37)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%203%3A2&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-1-kings-8-2-temple-dedication-assembly-at-the-feast-of-the-s","t":"Temple dedication assembly at the feast of the seventh month","j":1359731,"k":"biblical","r":"1 Kings 8:2","n":"Month Ethanim (7th). The feast is Tabernacles (normally from day 15), held after a seven-day altar dedication (2 Chronicles 7:9). Ken Johnson dates the dedication to 2935 AM.","s":"1 Kings 8:2 (see 2 Chronicles 5:3, 2 Chronicles 7:8, 2 Chronicles 7:9)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%208%3A2&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-7-10-people-sent-home-after-the-temple-dedicati","t":"People sent home after the Temple dedication","j":1359753,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 7:10","n":"1 Kings 8:66 says \"on the eighth day\" and 8:65 says fourteen days of feasting. Chronicles gives the 23rd, the day after the eighth-day assembly. Ken Johnson dates the dedication to 2935 AM.","s":"2 Chronicles 7:10 (see 1 Kings 8:65, 1 Kings 8:66)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%207%3A10&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-1-kings-6-38-temple-completed","t":"Temple completed","j":1359761,"k":"biblical","r":"1 Kings 6:38","n":"Month Bul (8th), no day given.","s":"1 Kings 6:38","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%206%3A38&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-1-kings-12-32-jeroboam-s-rival-feast-at-bethel","t":"Jeroboam's rival feast at Bethel","j":1370730,"k":"biblical","r":"1 Kings 12:32","n":"This feast is set one month after Judah's feast of the 7th month. First year of the divided kingdom.","s":"1 Kings 12:32 (see 1 Kings 12:33)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Kings%2012%3A32&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-15-10-asa-s-covenant-assembly-in-jerusalem","t":"Asa's covenant assembly in Jerusalem","j":1382982,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 15:10","n":"Month only.","s":"2 Chronicles 15:10","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2015%3A10&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"assyrian-eclipse-bur-sagale","t":"Bur-Sagale solar eclipse recorded in Assyrian eponym list","j":1442903,"k":"secular","r":"Assyria","n":"The eclipse noted in the eponym year of Bur-Sagale anchors the whole Assyrian chronology and, through it, the dates of the Israelite and Judean kings.","s":"Wikipedia: Assyrian eclipse","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_eclipse","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"era-of-nabonassar-epoch","t":"Epoch of the Era of Nabonassar","j":1448638,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"Ptolemy counted his astronomical era from noon on this day, the first of Thoth in the accession year of the Babylonian king Nabonassar.","s":"Wikipedia: Nabonassar","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonassar","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-29-17-hezekiah-begins-cleansing-the-temple","t":"Hezekiah begins cleansing the Temple","j":1456338,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 29:17","n":"29:3 says he opened the Temple doors in the first month of his first year.","s":"2 Chronicles 29:17 (see 2 Chronicles 29:3)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2029%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-29-17-cleansing-reaches-the-porch-of-the-temple","t":"Cleansing reaches the porch of the Temple","j":1456345,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 29:17","n":"","s":"2 Chronicles 29:17","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2029%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-29-17-temple-cleansing-completed","t":"Temple cleansing completed","j":1456353,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 29:17","n":"Completed too late for the normal 1/14 Passover, so it was moved to the second month (30:2–3).","s":"2 Chronicles 29:17","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2029%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-30-15-hezekiah-s-passover-in-the-second-month","t":"Hezekiah's Passover in the second month","j":1456381,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 30:15","n":"Seven days of Unleavened Bread followed (30:21), and the people extended it by seven more days (30:23).","s":"2 Chronicles 30:15 (see 2 Chronicles 30:2, 2 Chronicles 30:13, 2 Chronicles 30:21, 2 Chronicles 30:23)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2030%3A15&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-31-7-tithe-heaps-begun","t":"Tithe heaps begun","j":1456398,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 31:7","n":"Month only.","s":"2 Chronicles 31:7","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2031%3A7&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-31-7-tithe-heaps-completed","t":"Tithe heaps completed","j":1456520,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 31:7","n":"Month only.","s":"2 Chronicles 31:7","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2031%3A7&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"ptolemy-lunar-eclipse-721-bc","t":"Lunar eclipse observed at Babylon (oldest in the Almagest)","j":1458156,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"A total lunar eclipse seen from Babylon in the first year of Merodach-baladan II, which Ptolemy preserved as his earliest dated observation.","s":"Moonblink eclipse catalogue","u":"https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/-0720_03_19","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"archilochus-eclipse","t":"Total solar eclipse described by Archilochus","j":1484837,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"The poet wrote that Zeus made night at midday; this total eclipse over the Aegean is the most likely match.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"nabopolassar-recognized-king","t":"Nabopolassar recognized as king of Babylon","j":1493103,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"Nabopolassar formally took the throne after driving out the Assyrians, founding the Neo-Babylonian dynasty.","s":"Livius: Nabopolassar","u":"https://livius.org/articles/person/nabopolassar","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-2-chronicles-35-1-josiah-s-passover","t":"Josiah's Passover","j":1493969,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Chronicles 35:1","n":"2 Kings 23:21–23 describes the same Passover and gives the year but not the day.","s":"2 Chronicles 35:1 (see 2 Kings 23:21, 2 Kings 23:23, 2 Chronicles 35:17, 2 Chronicles 35:19)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Chronicles%2035%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"nebuchadnezzar-ii-crowned","t":"Nebuchadnezzar II takes the throne of Babylon","j":1500697,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"Fresh from Carchemish, Nebuchadnezzar hurried back to Babylon after his father died and was enthroned on 1 Ululu.","s":"Wikipedia: Nebuchadnezzar II","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-36-9-fast-proclaimed-baruch-reads-jeremiah-s-scroll","t":"Fast proclaimed; Baruch reads Jeremiah's scroll","j":1500771,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 36:9","n":"Month only.","s":"Jeremiah 36:9","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2036%3A9&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-36-22-jehoiakim-burns-the-scroll-in-his-winter-hous","t":"Jehoiakim burns the scroll in his winter house","j":1500771,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 36:22","n":"Month only, and the same month as 36:9. It may be the same day or soon after.","s":"Jeremiah 36:22","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2036%3A22&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"jerusalem-captured-597-bc","t":"Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem and deposes Jehoiachin","j":1503444,"k":"secular","r":"Judea","n":"The Babylonian Chronicle dates the surrender of Jerusalem to 2 Addaru of Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year.","s":"Wikipedia: Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-28-1-hananiah-s-false-prophecy-in-the-temple","t":"Hananiah's false prophecy in the Temple","j":1504304,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 28:1","n":"Month only.","s":"Jeremiah 28:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2028%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-28-17-hananiah-dies","t":"Hananiah dies","j":1504365,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 28:17","n":"Month only; two months after his prophecy.","s":"Jeremiah 28:17","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2028%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-1-1-ezekiel-s-opening-vision-by-the-chebar","t":"Ezekiel's opening vision by the Chebar","j":1504642,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 1:1","n":"What the \"thirtieth year\" counts from is unclear; it is often taken as Ezekiel's age.","s":"Ezekiel 1:1 (see Ezekiel 1:2)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%201%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-8-1-vision-of-abominations-in-the-temple","t":"Vision of abominations in the Temple","j":1505066,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 8:1","n":"The Greek Septuagint reads the fifth month.","s":"Ezekiel 8:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%208%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-20-1-elders-come-to-inquire-of-the-lord","t":"Elders come to inquire of the LORD","j":1505412,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 20:1","n":"","s":"Ezekiel 20:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2020%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-kings-25-1-nebuchadnezzar-begins-the-siege-of-jerusalem","t":"Nebuchadnezzar begins the siege of Jerusalem","j":1506292,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Kings 25:1","n":"Jeremiah 52:4 and Ezekiel 24:1 agree on 10/10; Jeremiah 39:1 gives only the month.","s":"2 Kings 25:1 (see Jeremiah 52:4, Jeremiah 39:1, Ezekiel 24:1)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2025%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-24-1-word-that-babylon-has-begun-the-siege","t":"Word that Babylon has begun the siege","j":1506292,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 24:1","n":"Same day as the siege's start in 2 Kings 25:1 and Jeremiah 52:4.","s":"Ezekiel 24:1 (see 2 Kings 25:1, Jeremiah 52:4)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2024%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-29-1-oracle-against-pharaoh-and-egypt","t":"Oracle against Pharaoh and Egypt","j":1506658,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 29:1","n":"","s":"Ezekiel 29:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2029%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-30-20-pharaoh-s-arm-broken","t":"Pharaoh's arm broken","j":1506744,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 30:20","n":"","s":"Ezekiel 30:20","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2030%3A20&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-31-1-pharaoh-compared-to-the-fallen-cedar","t":"Pharaoh compared to the fallen cedar","j":1506798,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 31:1","n":"","s":"Ezekiel 31:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2031%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-kings-25-3-famine-in-the-city-wall-breached-zedekiah-flees","t":"Famine in the city; wall breached; Zedekiah flees","j":1506837,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Kings 25:3","n":"In the KJV 2 Kings 25:3, \"fourth month\" is in italics, meaning the translators added it from Jeremiah 52:6; Jeremiah 39:2 also states it.","s":"2 Kings 25:3 (see Jeremiah 39:2, Jeremiah 52:6, Jeremiah 52:7)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2025%3A3&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-kings-25-8-nebuzaradan-comes-to-jerusalem-2-kings-reckonin","t":"Nebuzaradan comes to Jerusalem (2 Kings reckoning)","j":1506865,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Kings 25:8","n":"Disagrees with Jeremiah 52:12, which gives the 10th. The two are often reconciled as arrival on the 7th and burning on the 10th.","s":"2 Kings 25:8 (see Jeremiah 52:12, Jeremiah 1:3)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2025%3A8&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-52-12-nebuzaradan-enters-jerusalem-temple-burned-je","t":"Nebuzaradan enters Jerusalem; Temple burned (Jeremiah reckoning)","j":1506868,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 52:12","n":"The parallel 2 Kings 25:8 gives the 7th day.","s":"Jeremiah 52:12 (see 2 Kings 25:8, 2 Kings 25:9, Jeremiah 52:13)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2052%3A12&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-kings-25-25-gedaliah-assassinated-at-mizpah","t":"Gedaliah assassinated at Mizpah","j":1506920,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Kings 25:25","n":"Month only; Jeremiah 41:1 likewise gives only the month.","s":"2 Kings 25:25 (see Jeremiah 41:1)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2025%3A25&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-33-21-fugitive-reports-that-jerusalem-has-fallen","t":"Fugitive reports that Jerusalem has fallen","j":1507379,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 33:21","n":"Some Hebrew manuscripts, the Septuagint and the Syriac read the 11th year. Counted this way the news arrives about 18 months after the fall; some ancient manuscripts read the 11th year.","s":"Ezekiel 33:21","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2033%3A21&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-32-1-lament-over-pharaoh","t":"Lament over Pharaoh","j":1507435,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 32:1","n":"Some Hebrew manuscripts and the Syriac read the 11th year.","s":"Ezekiel 32:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2032%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"eclipse-of-thales","t":"Eclipse of Thales halts the Lydian-Median battle","j":1507900,"k":"secular","r":"Anatolia","n":"Herodotus says a battle at the Halys ended when day became night; this is the only solar eclipse that fits, though the identification is debated.","s":"Wikipedia: Eclipse of Thales","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_of_Thales","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-40-1-vision-of-the-future-temple","t":"Vision of the future Temple","j":1511864,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 40:1","n":"The text says \"beginning of the year\", not a numbered month. It is usually read as month 1. Some read it as the 7th month, where the 10th is the Day of Atonement and the start of a Jubilee year.","s":"Ezekiel 40:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2040%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-ezekiel-29-17-egypt-given-to-nebuchadnezzar-as-wages","t":"Egypt given to Nebuchadnezzar as wages","j":1512583,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezekiel 29:17","n":"The latest dated oracle in Ezekiel.","s":"Ezekiel 29:17","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2029%3A17&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"death-of-nebuchadnezzar-ii","t":"Death of Nebuchadnezzar II","j":1516432,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"Babylonian business documents show Nebuchadnezzar died in early October after a reign of 43 years, succeeded by Amel-Marduk (Evil-merodach).","s":"Wikipedia: Nebuchadnezzar II","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-jeremiah-52-31-evil-merodach-releases-jehoiachin-jeremiah-re","t":"Evil-merodach releases Jehoiachin (Jeremiah reckoning)","j":1516594,"k":"biblical","r":"Jeremiah 52:31","n":"The parallel 2 Kings 25:27 gives the 27th.","s":"Jeremiah 52:31 (see 2 Kings 25:27)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%2052%3A31&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"bible-2-kings-25-27-evil-merodach-releases-jehoiachin-2-kings-reck","t":"Evil-merodach releases Jehoiachin (2 Kings reckoning)","j":1516596,"k":"biblical","r":"2 Kings 25:27","n":"Disagrees with Jeremiah 52:31, which gives the 25th.","s":"2 Kings 25:27 (see Jeremiah 52:31)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Kings%2025%3A27&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Scripture count from Ken Johnson's anchor"},{"id":"fall-of-babylon-539-bc","t":"Babylon falls to the Persian army of Cyrus","j":1524838,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"According to the Nabonidus Chronicle, Gobryas entered Babylon without battle on 16 Tashritu, ending the Neo-Babylonian empire.","s":"Wikipedia: Fall of Babylon","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"cyrus-enters-babylon","t":"Cyrus the Great enters Babylon","j":1524855,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"Cyrus arrived seventeen days after his troops took the city and proclaimed peace to its people.","s":"Wikipedia: Fall of Babylon","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-ezra-3-6-returned-exiles-resume-burnt-offerings-on-the-altar","t":"Returned exiles resume burnt offerings on the altar","j":1525918,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 3:6","n":"The people gathered as the seventh month arrived (3:1).","s":"Ezra 3:6 (see Ezra 3:1)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%203%3A6&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-3-4-returned-exiles-keep-the-feast-of-tabernacles","t":"Returned exiles keep the Feast of Tabernacles","j":1525932,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 3:4","n":"The feast is named but no day is given; 15 is the feast's set day.","s":"Ezra 3:4","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%203%3A4&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-3-8-work-on-the-second-temple-foundation-begins","t":"Work on the second Temple foundation begins","j":1526130,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 3:8","n":"Month only.","s":"Ezra 3:8","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%203%3A8&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-daniel-10-4-daniel-s-vision-by-the-tigris-hiddekel","t":"Daniel's vision by the Tigris (Hiddekel)","j":1526487,"k":"biblical","r":"Daniel 10:4","n":"Follows three weeks of mourning (10:2–3).","s":"Daniel 10:4 (see Daniel 10:1)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel%2010%3A4&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"gaumata-revolt-begins","t":"Gaumata (false Bardiya) rises in revolt","j":1530832,"k":"secular","r":"Persia","n":"The Behistun inscription dates the start of the magus's uprising to 14 Viyaxana.","s":"Livius: Darius' coup","u":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/sources/darius-coup/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"gaumata-seizes-kingdom","t":"Gaumata seizes the Persian kingship","j":1530944,"k":"secular","r":"Persia","n":"Behistun says the pretender took the kingdom on 9 Garmapada, after Cambyses had died.","s":"Livius: Darius' coup","u":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/sources/darius-coup/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"darius-kills-gaumata","t":"Darius and the Six kill Gaumata","j":1531034,"k":"secular","r":"Persia","n":"Darius and his fellow nobles killed the usurper in a Median fortress on 10 Bagayadi and Darius became king.","s":"Livius: Darius' coup","u":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/sources/darius-coup/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-on-the-tigris-522-bc","t":"Darius defeats Nidintu-Bel on the Tigris","j":1531109,"k":"secular","r":"Babylonia","n":"Darius forced the river crossing against the Babylonian rebel who styled himself Nebuchadnezzar III.","s":"Livius: Behistun, capture of Babylon","u":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/sources/capture-of-babylon-behistun/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-zazana","t":"Darius defeats Nidintu-Bel again at Zazana","j":1531114,"k":"secular","r":"Babylonia","n":"Five days after the Tigris crossing, Darius won a second victory on the Euphrates and moved on to take Babylon.","s":"Livius: Behistun, capture of Babylon","u":"https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-the-great/sources/capture-of-babylon-behistun/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-haggai-1-1-haggai-s-first-message-rebuild-the-house","t":"Haggai's first message: rebuild the house","j":1531725,"k":"biblical","r":"Haggai 1:1","n":"","s":"Haggai 1:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Haggai%201%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-haggai-1-15-work-on-the-temple-resumes","t":"Work on the Temple resumes","j":1531748,"k":"biblical","r":"Haggai 1:15","n":"","s":"Haggai 1:15","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Haggai%201%3A15&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-haggai-2-1-haggai-s-message-on-the-latter-glory-of-the-house","t":"Haggai's message on the latter glory of the house","j":1531776,"k":"biblical","r":"Haggai 2:1","n":"The last day of the Feast of Tabernacles (7/15–21).","s":"Haggai 2:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Haggai%202%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-zechariah-1-1-zechariah-s-first-call-to-return","t":"Zechariah's first call to return","j":1531786,"k":"biblical","r":"Zechariah 1:1","n":"Month only.","s":"Zechariah 1:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah%201%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-haggai-2-10-haggai-s-message-on-defilement-and-blessing","t":"Haggai's message on defilement and blessing","j":1531839,"k":"biblical","r":"Haggai 2:10","n":"2:18 links this day to the laying of the Temple foundation.","s":"Haggai 2:10 (see Haggai 2:18)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Haggai%202%3A10&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-haggai-2-20-haggai-s-second-message-the-same-day-to-zerubbab","t":"Haggai's second message the same day, to Zerubbabel","j":1531839,"k":"biblical","r":"Haggai 2:20","n":"The verse gives only \"the 24th day of the month\"; the month comes from 2:10.","s":"Haggai 2:20","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Haggai%202%3A20&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-zechariah-1-7-zechariah-s-night-visions-begin","t":"Zechariah's night visions begin","j":1531900,"k":"biblical","r":"Zechariah 1:7","n":"Month Sebat.","s":"Zechariah 1:7","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah%201%3A7&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-zechariah-7-1-question-from-bethel-about-the-fasts","t":"Question from Bethel about the fasts","j":1532554,"k":"biblical","r":"Zechariah 7:1","n":"Month Chisleu. The fasts mentioned (7:3, 7:5, 8:19) are yearly observances in months 4, 5, 7 and 10, not separate events.","s":"Zechariah 7:1 (see Zechariah 7:3, Zechariah 8:19)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zechariah%207%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-6-15-second-temple-completed","t":"Second Temple completed","j":1533372,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 6:15","n":"Month Adar. The apocryphal 1 Esdras 7:5 gives the 23rd of Adar.","s":"Ezra 6:15","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%206%3A15&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-6-19-passover-after-the-temple-s-completion","t":"Passover after the Temple's completion","j":1533414,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 6:19","n":"Unleavened Bread followed for seven days (6:22).","s":"Ezra 6:19 (see Ezra 6:22)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%206%3A19&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-2-16-esther-taken-to-king-ahasuerus","t":"Esther taken to King Ahasuerus","j":1546827,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 2:16","n":"Month Tebeth, no day given.","s":"Esther 2:16","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%202%3A16&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-3-7-pur-the-lot-cast-before-haman","t":"Pur (the lot) cast before Haman","j":1548381,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 3:7","n":"Month Nisan; the lot fell on the 12th month, Adar.","s":"Esther 3:7","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%203%3A7&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-3-12-haman-s-decree-written-and-sealed","t":"Haman's decree written and sealed","j":1548393,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 3:12","n":"The decree set the attack for 12/13 (3:13).","s":"Esther 3:12 (see Esther 3:13)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%203%3A12&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-8-9-mordecai-s-counter-decree-written","t":"Mordecai's counter-decree written","j":1548463,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 8:9","n":"Month Sivan.","s":"Esther 8:9","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%208%3A9&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-9-1-day-appointed-for-the-attack-the-jews-prevail","t":"Day appointed for the attack; the Jews prevail","j":1548726,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 9:1","n":"Month Adar. The date was set by both decrees (3:13, 8:12).","s":"Esther 9:1 (see Esther 3:13, Esther 8:12, Esther 9:17)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%209%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-9-15-second-day-of-fighting-in-shushan","t":"Second day of fighting in Shushan","j":1548727,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 9:15","n":"","s":"Esther 9:15 (see Esther 9:13)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%209%3A15&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-9-17-jews-of-the-provinces-rest-and-feast","t":"Jews of the provinces rest and feast","j":1548727,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 9:17","n":"Unwalled villages kept the 14th (9:19).","s":"Esther 9:17 (see Esther 9:19)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%209%3A17&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-9-21-purim-established-as-a-yearly-feast-14th-and-15t","t":"Purim established as a yearly feast (14th and 15th of Adar)","j":1548727,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 9:21","n":"Mordecai's letter (9:20) is not dated. The feast covers 12/14–15, and the queen confirms it in 9:29–32.","s":"Esther 9:21 (see Esther 9:20, Esther 9:26, Esther 9:29)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%209%3A21&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-esther-9-18-jews-of-shushan-rest-and-feast","t":"Jews of Shushan rest and feast","j":1548728,"k":"biblical","r":"Esther 9:18","n":"","s":"Esther 9:18","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%209%3A18&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"pindar-eclipse","t":"Solar eclipse recalled in Pindar's ninth Paean","j":1552432,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"A near-total eclipse at Thebes is the most probable event behind Pindar's poem on the darkened sun.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-ezra-7-9-ezra-begins-the-journey-up-from-babylon","t":"Ezra begins the journey up from Babylon","j":1554590,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 7:9","n":"8:31 gives the departure from the Ahava river as 1/12. The 1st is the start of the journey and the 12th the actual setting out.","s":"Ezra 7:9 (see Ezra 8:31)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%207%3A9&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-8-31-ezra-s-company-departs-from-the-river-ahava","t":"Ezra's company departs from the river Ahava","j":1554601,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 8:31","n":"See Ezra 7:9.","s":"Ezra 8:31 (see Ezra 7:9)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%208%3A31&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-7-9-ezra-arrives-in-jerusalem","t":"Ezra arrives in Jerusalem","j":1554711,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 7:9","n":"7:8 gives only the month.","s":"Ezra 7:9 (see Ezra 7:8)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%207%3A9&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-10-9-assembly-in-the-rain-over-foreign-marriages","t":"Assembly in the rain over foreign marriages","j":1554851,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 10:9","n":"","s":"Ezra 10:9","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%2010%3A9&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-10-16-inquiry-into-foreign-marriages-begins","t":"Inquiry into foreign marriages begins","j":1554863,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 10:16","n":"","s":"Ezra 10:16","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%2010%3A16&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-ezra-10-17-inquiry-into-foreign-marriages-completed","t":"Inquiry into foreign marriages completed","j":1554954,"k":"biblical","r":"Ezra 10:17","n":"","s":"Ezra 10:17","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%2010%3A17&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-1-1-nehemiah-hears-of-jerusalem-s-ruin-in-shushan","t":"Nehemiah hears of Jerusalem's ruin in Shushan","j":1559214,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 1:1","n":"Month Chisleu (9th), no day given. Kislev of the 20th year falls before the Nisan of Nehemiah 2:1, so it is placed in the year before.","s":"Nehemiah 1:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%201%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-2-1-nehemiah-s-request-to-artaxerxes","t":"Nehemiah's request to Artaxerxes","j":1559336,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 2:1","n":"Month Nisan, no day given. Both 1:1 and 2:1 are in the 20th year, which suggests a regnal year that does not begin in Nisan.","s":"Nehemiah 2:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%202%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-6-15-jerusalem-s-wall-completed-in-52-days","t":"Jerusalem's wall completed in 52 days","j":1559511,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 6:15","n":"Month Elul (6th).","s":"Nehemiah 6:15","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%206%3A15&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-8-2-ezra-reads-the-law-to-the-assembly","t":"Ezra reads the Law to the assembly","j":1559518,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 8:2","n":"","s":"Nehemiah 8:2 (see Nehemiah 7:73)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%208%3A2&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-8-13-leaders-gather-to-study-the-law-booths-command","t":"Leaders gather to study the Law; booths commandment found","j":1559519,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 8:13","n":"\"On the second day\" of the month.","s":"Nehemiah 8:13","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%208%3A13&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-8-14-feast-of-booths-kept","t":"Feast of Booths kept","j":1559532,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 8:14","n":"The feast is named but no start day is given; 15 is the feast's set day. Ezra read from the Law on each of the seven days (8:18).","s":"Nehemiah 8:14 (see Nehemiah 8:18)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%208%3A14&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-8-18-solemn-assembly-on-the-eighth-day-of-the-feast","t":"Solemn assembly on the eighth day of the feast","j":1559539,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 8:18","n":"Day worked out as the eighth day from 7/15.","s":"Nehemiah 8:18","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%208%3A18&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-nehemiah-9-1-fast-and-confession-of-sins","t":"Fast and confession of sins","j":1559541,"k":"biblical","r":"Nehemiah 9:1","n":"\"This month\" refers back to the 7th month.","s":"Nehemiah 9:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%209%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"thucydides-eclipse-431-bc","t":"Solar eclipse in the first summer of the Peloponnesian War","j":1564215,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"Thucydides notes that the sun became crescent-shaped and some stars appeared, at a new moon in the war's first year.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"thucydides-eclipse-424-bc","t":"Partial solar eclipse noted by Thucydides","j":1566637,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"Thucydides records a small eclipse at the start of the eighth year of the war.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"nicias-lunar-eclipse","t":"Lunar eclipse delays the Athenian retreat from Syracuse","j":1570814,"k":"secular","r":"Sicily","n":"Nicias put off the withdrawal for weeks after the eclipse, and the Athenian expedition was then destroyed.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"gaugamela-lunar-eclipse","t":"Lunar eclipse before Gaugamela","j":1600788,"k":"secular","r":"Mesopotamia","n":"The Babylonian astronomical diary records this total eclipse, which unsettled Darius III's army eleven days before the battle.","s":"Livius: Gaugamela","u":"https://livius.org/articles/battle/gaugamela-331-bce","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-gaugamela","t":"Alexander defeats Darius III at Gaugamela","j":1600799,"k":"secular","r":"Mesopotamia","n":"Dated by a Babylonian astronomical diary, the battle opened Babylon and the Persian heartland to Alexander.","s":"Livius: Gaugamela","u":"https://livius.org/articles/battle/gaugamela-331-bce","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-alexander-the-great","t":"Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon","j":1603609,"k":"secular","r":"Babylon","n":"A Babylonian astronomical diary says \"the king died\" in the Babylonian day running from the evening of 10 June to the evening of 11 June.","s":"Wikipedia: Death of Alexander the Great","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"agathocles-eclipse","t":"Total solar eclipse seen by Agathocles' fleet","j":1608422,"k":"secular","r":"Sicily","n":"The day after the tyrant of Syracuse slipped past the Carthaginian blockade on his way to invade Africa, his fleet saw the sun totally eclipsed.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"decree-of-canopus","t":"Priests' synod issues the Decree of Canopus","j":1634559,"k":"secular","r":"Egypt","n":"The trilingual decree honouring Ptolemy III tried to add a leap day to the Egyptian civil calendar every four years.","s":"Wikipedia: Decree of Canopus","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_of_Canopus","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-qin-shi-huang","t":"Death of Qin Shi Huang, first emperor of China","j":1644913,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The first emperor died while touring at Shaqiu; his ministers hid the death to manoeuvre Huhai onto the throne.","s":"Wikipedia: Qin Shi Huang","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"liu-bang-crowned-emperor","t":"Liu Bang crowned emperor, founding the Han dynasty","j":1647701,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"After defeating Xiang Yu, Liu Bang took the title of emperor on the jiawu day of the second month.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Gaozu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"rosetta-stone-decree","t":"Memphis decree of the Rosetta Stone","j":1649920,"k":"secular","r":"Egypt","n":"The priests assembled at Memphis for the coronation anniversary of Ptolemy V and passed the decree later carved on the Rosetta Stone.","s":"Wikipedia: Rosetta Stone decree","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_decree","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-liu-bang","t":"Death of Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang)","j":1650351,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The founder of the Han died at Chang'an, leaving Empress Lü as the real power behind his young son.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Gaozu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"emperor-wen-of-han-accession","t":"Emperor Wen of Han takes the throne","j":1655996,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Once the Lü clan had been purged, court officials brought Liu Heng from Dai and enthroned him.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wen of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"ptolemy-lunar-eclipse-174-bc","t":"Lunar eclipse recorded at Alexandria","j":1657990,"k":"secular","r":"Egypt","n":"One of the Hellenistic observations Ptolemy used to work out the motion of the Moon.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-pydna-eclipse","t":"Lunar eclipse on the eve of Pydna","j":1660233,"k":"secular","r":"Macedonia","n":"The tribune Sulpicius Gallus is said to have explained the eclipse to the Roman troops beforehand; it fixes the battle's Julian date.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-pydna","t":"Rome defeats Perseus of Macedon at Pydna","j":1660234,"k":"secular","r":"Macedonia","n":"Aemilius Paullus' victory ended the Antigonid kingdom; the eclipse shows the Roman calendar was then running months ahead of the seasons.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Pydna","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-emperor-wen-of-han","t":"Death of Emperor Wen of Han","j":1664266,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Emperor Wen, remembered for his frugal and lenient rule, died at Chang'an.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wen of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"emperor-wu-of-han-accession","t":"Emperor Wu of Han ascends the throne","j":1669991,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Liu Che became emperor at fifteen and went on to the longest and most expansive reign of the Western Han.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-emperor-wu-of-han","t":"Death of Emperor Wu of Han","j":1689734,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"After 54 years on the throne Emperor Wu died, having pushed Han power into Central Asia and Korea.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"julian-calendar-takes-effect","t":"Julian calendar comes into force","j":1704987,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Caesar's reformed solar calendar began after the 445-day \"year of confusion\"; whether the first day was Julian 1 or 2 January depends on how the early leap years are reconstructed.","s":"Wikipedia: Julian calendar","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-munda","t":"Caesar defeats the Pompeians at Munda","j":1705063,"k":"secular","r":"Hispania","n":"Munda was the last battle of Caesar's civil war, fought in southern Spain against Pompey's sons.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Munda","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Munda","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"assassination-of-julius-caesar","t":"Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of March","j":1705426,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Senators led by Brutus and Cassius stabbed the dictator at a meeting of the Senate in the Theatre of Pompey.","s":"Wikipedia: Ides of March","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ides_of_March","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"first-battle-of-philippi","t":"First battle of Philippi","j":1706358,"k":"secular","r":"Macedonia","n":"Antony beat Cassius, who killed himself thinking the day was lost, while Brutus overran Octavian's camp.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Philippi","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"second-battle-of-philippi","t":"Second battle of Philippi; Brutus defeated","j":1706378,"k":"secular","r":"Macedonia","n":"The triumvirs' victory destroyed the Liberators' cause, and Brutus took his own life.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Philippi","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-actium","t":"Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium","j":1710345,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"Agrippa's fleet won the naval battle off western Greece that left Octavian master of the Roman world.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Actium","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"octavian-named-augustus","t":"Senate confers the name Augustus on Octavian","j":1711577,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Three days after Octavian made a show of handing back his powers, the Senate gave him the name by which the first emperor is known.","s":"Wikipedia: Augustus (title)","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(title)","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"lunar-eclipse-4-bc","t":"Partial lunar eclipse often linked to Herod's death","j":1720034,"k":"secular","r":"Judea","n":"Josephus mentions a lunar eclipse shortly before Herod the Great died, and this one is the usual choice of chronologists; the eclipse date is exact, the link is debated.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-luke-2-42-jesus-at-age-twelve-in-the-temple-at-passover","t":"Jesus at age twelve in the Temple at Passover","j":1725165,"k":"biblical","r":"Luke 2:42","n":"The feast is named but no day is given. He stayed behind after \"the days\" of the feast were fulfilled (2:43). Twelve years after a birth in 2 BC (Ken Johnson).","s":"Luke 2:42 (see Luke 2:41, Luke 2:43)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%202%3A42&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"death-of-augustus","t":"Death of Augustus at Nola","j":1726402,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The first emperor died in Campania after 41 years as sole ruler; the month Sextilis already bore his name.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"tiberius-recognized-emperor","t":"Senate recognizes Tiberius as emperor","j":1726431,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The Senate meeting that deified Augustus also confirmed Tiberius, under whom the ministry of Jesus took place.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"tacitus-lunar-eclipse-ad-14","t":"Lunar eclipse calms the Pannonian mutiny","j":1726441,"k":"secular","r":"Pannonia","n":"Tacitus tells how mutinous legionaries took the eclipse as an omen, which helped Drusus restore order.","s":"Moonblink eclipse catalogue","u":"https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/0014_09_27","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-wang-mang","t":"Wang Mang killed as rebels take Chang'an","j":1729737,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The usurper of the short-lived Xin dynasty was killed after rebels broke into the capital.","s":"Wikipedia: Wang Mang","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"guangwu-proclaimed-emperor","t":"Liu Xiu proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu, restoring the Han","j":1730406,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"His proclamation began the Eastern Han dynasty, which later moved its capital to Luoyang.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Guangwu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"bible-john-2-13-passover-visit-jesus-cleanses-the-temple","t":"Passover visit; Jesus cleanses the Temple","j":1731745,"k":"biblical","r":"John 2:13","n":"Signs are done \"at the passover, in the feast day\" (2:23). The day is the feast's set day, not given in the text. First Passover after the ministry began in AD 28 (Ken Johnson).","s":"John 2:13 (see John 2:23)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%202%3A13&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-john-6-4-feeding-of-the-five-thousand-with-passover-near","t":"Feeding of the five thousand, with Passover near","j":1732460,"k":"biblical","r":"John 6:4","n":"The text says Passover was \"nigh\", so the event comes shortly before 1/14.","s":"John 6:4","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%206%3A4&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-john-7-37-last-day-that-great-day-of-the-feast","t":"\"Last day, that great day of the feast\"","j":1732642,"k":"biblical","r":"John 7:37","n":"The day is ambiguous: 7/21 (seventh day) or 7/22 (eighth-day assembly).","s":"John 7:37","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%207%3A37&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","p":"m","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-john-7-2-feast-of-tabernacles-at-hand-jesus-goes-up-secretly","t":"Feast of Tabernacles at hand; Jesus goes up secretly","j":1732656,"k":"biblical","r":"John 7:2","n":"The feast is named but no day is given. 7:14 has him teaching \"about the midst of the feast\", which by inference is about 7/18.","s":"John 7:2 (see John 7:10, John 7:14)","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%207%3A2&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"bible-john-10-22-jesus-at-the-feast-of-dedication","t":"Jesus at the Feast of Dedication","j":1732726,"k":"biblical","r":"John 10:22","n":"The feast is not in the Hebrew Bible. Its date (25 Chislev) comes from 1 Maccabees 4:52–59.","s":"John 10:22","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2010%3A22&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"dss","b":"Derived from Ken Johnson's reign dates"},{"id":"passion-anointing","t":"Six days before Passover: Jesus anointed at Bethany","j":1732840,"k":"biblical","r":"John 12:1","n":"Six days before the Passover of Thursday Nisan 14 (Ken Johnson).","s":"John 12:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+12%3A1&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"julian","b":"Ken Johnson's dates (Jewish lunar reckoning), civil date counted from his April 6, AD 32"},{"id":"passion-entry","t":"Triumphal entry: Daniel's 69 weeks fulfilled","j":1732842,"k":"biblical","r":"Jerusalem","n":"Ken Johnson: the 69 weeks of Daniel 9 (from Artaxerxes' decree, Nisan 444 BC) end 'exactly on the day', April 6, AD 32; Jesus leaves Bethany on Nisan 10.","s":"Daniel 9:25; Luke 19:28-44","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Daniel+9%3A25&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"julian","b":"Ken Johnson's stated date"},{"id":"passion-plot","t":"\"After two days is the passover\": the plot to kill Jesus","j":1732844,"k":"biblical","r":"Matthew 26:2","n":"Two days before Passover (Ken Johnson's Thursday Nisan 14).","s":"Matthew 26:2-5","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+26%3A2-5&version=KJV","c":"derived","o":"julian","b":"Ken Johnson's dates (Jewish lunar reckoning), civil date counted from his April 6, AD 32"},{"id":"messiah-dies","t":"Crucifixion: the Messiah dies at Passover","j":1732846,"k":"biblical","r":"John 19:14","n":"Ken Johnson: Thursday, Nisan 14, the preparation day, AD 32 (3957 AM); on the cross from 9 am, died at 3 pm.","s":"John 19:14; Mark 15:25, 34","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19%3A14&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"julian","b":"Ken Johnson's dates (Jewish lunar reckoning), civil date counted from his April 6, AD 32"},{"id":"resurrection","t":"Resurrection of Jesus","j":1732849,"k":"biblical","r":"Matthew 28:1","n":"Ken Johnson: Sunday, Nisan 17, First Fruits that year. On the Dead Sea Scroll calendar this Sunday is 26 Nisan, the First Fruits of the Barley.","s":"Matthew 28:1-6; 1 Corinthians 15:20","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28%3A1-6&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"julian","b":"Ken Johnson's dates (Jewish lunar reckoning), civil date counted from his April 6, AD 32"},{"id":"bible-acts-2-1-holy-spirit-given-on-the-day-of-pentecost","t":"Holy Spirit given on the day of Pentecost","j":1732898,"k":"biblical","r":"Acts 2:1","n":"Pentecost falls in the 3rd month, 50 days after the wave-sheaf. Which day depends on the calendar (the DSS calendar gives 3/15; the rabbinic calendar 3/6), so the day is left for the engine. Ken Johnson: Sunday, Sivan 6 (lunar), AD 32 — 50 days after the resurrection. That Sunday, 1 June AD 32, is also Sivan 15, Pentecost, on this calendar.","s":"Acts 2:1","u":"https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%202%3A1&version=KJV","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"death-of-tiberius","t":"Death of Tiberius","j":1734647,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Tiberius died at Misenum and was succeeded by Caligula.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"assassination-of-caligula","t":"Caligula assassinated; Claudius proclaimed","j":1736057,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Praetorian officers killed Caligula on the Palatine, and the guard acclaimed his uncle Claudius the same day.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-claudius","t":"Death of Claudius; Nero becomes emperor","j":1741067,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Claudius, who had expelled the Jews from Rome, died (reportedly poisoned) and his stepson Nero succeeded him.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-emperor-guangwu","t":"Death of Emperor Guangwu of Han","j":1741965,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The restorer of the Han died at Luoyang after more than thirty years on the throne.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Guangwu of Han","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"great-fire-of-rome","t":"Great Fire of Rome breaks out","j":1744634,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Tacitus dates the start of the fire to 19 July; Nero blamed the Christians, beginning the first persecution.","s":"Wikipedia: Great Fire of Rome","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-nero","t":"Suicide of Nero","j":1746055,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Declared a public enemy by the Senate, Nero killed himself outside Rome, ending the Julio-Claudian line.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"murder-of-galba","t":"Galba murdered; Otho becomes emperor","j":1746275,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The praetorians killed Galba in the Forum and acclaimed Otho in the Year of the Four Emperors.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-otho","t":"Suicide of Otho after Bedriacum","j":1746366,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Otho killed himself after his army lost to the Vitellians in northern Italy.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"vespasian-proclaimed-emperor","t":"Vespasian proclaimed emperor at Alexandria","j":1746442,"k":"secular","r":"Egypt","n":"The legions in Egypt hailed Vespasian, then commanding the Jewish War, as emperor; he later counted his reign from this day.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-vitellius","t":"Vitellius killed as Flavian troops take Rome","j":1746614,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Vespasian's supporters stormed the city and lynched Vitellius, leaving Vespasian sole emperor.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"plutarch-solar-eclipse","t":"Total solar eclipse described by Plutarch","j":1747069,"k":"secular","r":"Greece","n":"Plutarch's description of a total eclipse that began near noon, with stars visible, is usually matched to this one.","s":"Britannica: Eclipse (historical)","u":"https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse/Assyrian","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-vespasian","t":"Death of Vespasian","j":1750086,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The emperor who began the Colosseum died, and his son Titus, who had destroyed Jerusalem, succeeded him.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-titus","t":"Death of Titus","j":1750899,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Titus died after a short reign marked by the eruption of Vesuvius; his brother Domitian took the throne.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"assassination-of-domitian","t":"Domitian assassinated; Nerva becomes emperor","j":1756383,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Court officials murdered Domitian, whose reign Christian tradition remembers for persecution, and the Senate chose Nerva.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-nerva","t":"Death of Nerva; Trajan succeeds","j":1756879,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Nerva died after adopting Trajan, the first emperor from the provinces.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"hadrian-accession","t":"Hadrian announces his accession","j":1764015,"k":"secular","r":"Syria","n":"Word of Trajan's death and his adoption reached Hadrian at Antioch.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-hadrian","t":"Death of Hadrian","j":1771653,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The emperor who crushed the Bar Kokhba revolt and refounded Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina died at Baiae.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-antoninus-pius","t":"Death of Antoninus Pius","j":1779929,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus succeeded as joint emperors.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-marcus-aurelius","t":"Death of Marcus Aurelius","j":1786879,"k":"secular","r":"Pannonia","n":"The philosopher-emperor died on campaign on the Danube and Commodus succeeded him.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"assassination-of-commodus","t":"Commodus strangled","j":1791551,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"A palace conspiracy killed Commodus, opening the Year of the Five Emperors.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"murder-of-pertinax","t":"Pertinax murdered; the empire is auctioned","j":1791638,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Praetorians killed Pertinax and then sold the throne to Didius Julianus.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-septimius-severus","t":"Death of Septimius Severus at York","j":1798160,"k":"secular","r":"Britain","n":"Severus died in Britain, leaving the empire to his sons Caracalla and Geta.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"murder-of-geta","t":"Geta murdered on Caracalla's orders","j":1798485,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Caracalla had his brother killed, reportedly in their mother's arms.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"assassination-of-caracalla","t":"Caracalla assassinated near Carrhae","j":1800415,"k":"secular","r":"Mesopotamia","n":"A soldier killed Caracalla on the road to Carrhae, and the praetorian prefect Macrinus took power.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-cao-cao","t":"Death of Cao Cao","j":1801487,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The warlord who had dominated northern China died at Luoyang; his son Cao Pi inherited his position.","s":"Wikipedia: Cao Cao","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Cao","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"end-of-han-dynasty","t":"Emperor Xian abdicates to Cao Pi, ending the Han","j":1801742,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The last Han emperor handed over the throne, ending four centuries of Han rule and opening the Three Kingdoms era.","s":"Wikipedia: Cao Pi","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Pi","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"cao-pi-proclaimed-emperor","t":"Cao Pi proclaims himself emperor of Wei","j":1801758,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Cao Pi formally took the imperial title and founded the state of Cao Wei.","s":"Wikipedia: Cao Pi","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Pi","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"liu-bei-emperor-of-shu","t":"Liu Bei becomes emperor of Shu Han","j":1801913,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Claiming to carry on the Han line, Liu Bei took the throne at Chengdu.","s":"Wikipedia: Liu Bei","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bei","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-liu-bei","t":"Death of Liu Bei at Baidicheng","j":1802669,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Liu Bei died after his defeat by Wu, leaving the regency to Zhuge Liang.","s":"Wikipedia: Liu Bei","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bei","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-hormozdgan","t":"Ardashir defeats Artabanus IV at Hormozdgan","j":1802992,"k":"secular","r":"Persia","n":"Artabanus died in the battle, ending Parthian rule and beginning the Sasanian empire.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Hormozdgan","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hormozdgan","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"sun-quan-emperor-of-wu","t":"Sun Quan declares himself emperor of Wu","j":1804843,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"With this proclamation all three of the Three Kingdoms had their own emperor.","s":"Wikipedia: Sun Quan","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-sun-quan","t":"Death of Sun Quan","j":1813242,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The founding emperor of Eastern Wu died at Jianye after a long rule.","s":"Wikipedia: Sun Quan","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Quan","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"martyrdom-of-sixtus-ii","t":"Pope Sixtus II martyred in the catacombs","j":1815510,"k":"church","r":"Rome","n":"Sixtus and several deacons were executed under Valerian's edict against clergy; Lawrence followed days later.","s":"Wikipedia: Pope Sixtus II","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"martyrdom-of-cyprian","t":"Cyprian of Carthage beheaded","j":1815549,"k":"church","r":"N. Africa","n":"The proconsular record of the bishop's trial survives, and he was executed the same day.","s":"Wikipedia: Cyprian","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"jin-dynasty-founded","t":"Sima Yan proclaims the Jin dynasty","j":1818253,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"Four days after forcing the last Wei emperor to abdicate, Sima Yan took the throne as Emperor Wu of Jin.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wu of Jin","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"sun-hao-surrenders-to-jin","t":"Sun Hao surrenders, reuniting China under Jin","j":1823449,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"The fall of Wu ended the Three Kingdoms period.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wu of Jin","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"diocletian-acclaimed","t":"Diocletian acclaimed emperor at Nicomedia","j":1825113,"k":"secular","r":"Anatolia","n":"The army chose Diocletian after Numerian died; the Coptic Era of the Martyrs is counted from his reign.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-emperor-wu-of-jin","t":"Death of Emperor Wu of Jin","j":1827116,"k":"secular","r":"China","n":"His death led to the succession of the incapable Emperor Hui and soon to the War of the Eight Princes.","s":"Wikipedia: Emperor Wu of Jin","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Jin","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"nicomedia-church-destroyed","t":"Church at Nicomedia razed on the Terminalia","j":1831782,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"Diocletian chose the festival of the boundary god Terminus to begin the Great Persecution.","s":"Wikipedia: Diocletianic Persecution","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"first-edict-against-christians","t":"First edict of the Great Persecution published","j":1831783,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"The edict ordered scriptures burned, churches destroyed, and Christians stripped of legal privileges.","s":"Wikipedia: Diocletianic Persecution","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"abdication-of-diocletian","t":"Diocletian and Maximian abdicate","j":1832580,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The two senior emperors retired on the same day and handed power to Galerius and Constantius.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"constantine-acclaimed-at-york","t":"Constantius dies; Constantine acclaimed at York","j":1833030,"k":"secular","r":"Britain","n":"The troops at York hailed Constantine as emperor on the day his father died.","s":"Wikipedia: Constantine the Great","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"galerius-edict-of-toleration","t":"Galerius' edict of toleration published","j":1834770,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"Lactantius says the dying Galerius' edict ending the persecution was posted at Nicomedia on the day before the Kalends of May.","s":"Wikipedia: Galerius","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerius","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-milvian-bridge","t":"Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge","j":1835317,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"Constantine, who credited the Christian God with his victory, became master of the West.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of the Milvian Bridge","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"edict-of-milan-posted","t":"Licinius' letter on religious freedom posted at Nicomedia","j":1835545,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"The rescript, known as the Edict of Milan, gave back confiscated church property and granted freedom of worship.","s":"Wikipedia: Edict of Milan","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-chrysopolis","t":"Constantine defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis","j":1839660,"k":"secular","r":"Anatolia","n":"The victory made Constantine sole emperor of the Roman world.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Chrysopolis","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"council-of-nicaea-opens","t":"First Council of Nicaea convenes","j":1839904,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"Socrates gives the opening date of the first ecumenical council, which condemned Arius; some scholars put it in June.","s":"Wikipedia: First Council of Nicaea","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"dedication-of-constantinople","t":"Constantinople dedicated as the new capital","j":1841721,"k":"secular","r":"Thrace","n":"Constantine formally inaugurated his refounded city on the Bosporus.","s":"OUP blog: This Day in World History","u":"https://blog.oup.com/2012/05/constantine-dedicates-constantinople/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"firmicus-eclipse","t":"Annular solar eclipse recorded by Firmicus Maternus","j":1843249,"k":"secular","r":"Rome","n":"The astrologer Firmicus, who later wrote a Christian polemic against paganism, mentions this eclipse in his Mathesis.","s":"Wikipedia: List of solar eclipses in antiquity","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_antiquity","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-constantine","t":"Death of Constantine after deathbed baptism","j":1844289,"k":"church","r":"Anatolia","n":"Eusebius of Nicomedia baptized Constantine shortly before he died near Nicomedia.","s":"Wikipedia: Constantine the Great","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-mursa-major","t":"Constantius II defeats Magnentius at Mursa","j":1849531,"k":"secular","r":"Pannonia","n":"One of the bloodiest battles of the century, which badly weakened Roman manpower.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Mursa Major","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mursa_Major","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-constantius-ii","t":"Death of Constantius II; Julian sole emperor","j":1853220,"k":"secular","r":"Anatolia","n":"Constantius died marching against his rebel cousin Julian, who then openly returned to paganism.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-julian-the-apostate","t":"Death of Julian the Apostate in Persia","j":1853820,"k":"secular","r":"Mesopotamia","n":"The last pagan emperor died of a wound taken in battle during his retreat from Ctesiphon.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-athanasius","t":"Death of Athanasius of Alexandria","j":1857418,"k":"church","r":"Egypt","n":"The great defender of Nicene doctrine died in Alexandria after five exiles.","s":"Wikipedia: Athanasius of Alexandria","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"ambrose-consecrated","t":"Ambrose consecrated bishop of Milan","j":1858002,"k":"church","r":"Italy","n":"Acclaimed bishop while still an unbaptized governor, Ambrose was baptized and consecrated within a week.","s":"Wikipedia: Ambrose","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-valentinian-i","t":"Death of Valentinian I","j":1858347,"k":"secular","r":"Pannonia","n":"The emperor reportedly died of a stroke while raging at Quadi envoys.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-adrianople","t":"Goths destroy the Roman army at Adrianople","j":1859343,"k":"secular","r":"Thrace","n":"Emperor Valens was killed in the worst Roman defeat in centuries.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of Adrianople","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"theodosius-i-proclaimed","t":"Theodosius I made emperor of the East","j":1859506,"k":"secular","r":"Pannonia","n":"Gratian raised Theodosius to rule the East after the disaster at Adrianople.","s":"Wikipedia: List of Roman emperors","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"edict-of-thessalonica","t":"Edict of Thessalonica makes Nicene Christianity the state faith","j":1859910,"k":"church","r":"Macedonia","n":"Theodosius, Gratian and Valentinian II ordered all their subjects to follow the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria.","s":"Wikipedia: Edict of Thessalonica","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-the-frigidus","t":"Battle of the Frigidus begins","j":1865214,"k":"secular","r":"Italy","n":"Over two days Theodosius defeated the usurper Eugenius, who was backed by the last pagan party.","s":"Wikipedia: Battle of the Frigidus","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frigidus","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"death-of-theodosius-i","t":"Death of Theodosius I; 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Day.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"martin-v-elected","t":"Martin V elected, ending the Western Schism","j":2238932,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"The Council of Constance chose Oddone Colonna as the single pope, closing nearly forty years of rival papacies.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"joan-of-arc-burned","t":"Joan of Arc burned at Rouen","j":2243880,"k":"church","r":"France","n":"After a church trial under English control, Joan was burned as a relapsed heretic; she was cleared in 1456 and canonised in 1920.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"laetentur-caeli","t":"Council of Florence decrees union with the Greeks","j":2246839,"k":"church","r":"Italy","n":"The decree Laetentur caeli announced a reunion of the Latin and Greek churches, which was later rejected in the East.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"fall-of-constantinople","t":"Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans","j":2251915,"k":"secular","r":"Constantinople","n":"Mehmed II's army stormed the walls, ending the Byzantine Empire, and Hagia Sophia became a mosque.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"mainz-psalter","t":"Mainz Psalter completed, first dated printed book","j":2253453,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"Fust and Schoeffer's colophon dates the book to the eve of the Assumption and is the first to name its printers and date.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Psalter","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"kongo-king-baptised","t":"Kongo king Nzinga a Nkuwu baptised as Joao I","j":2265768,"k":"church","r":"Kongo (Central Africa)","n":"The king and his family received baptism from Portuguese priests, beginning Kongo's long Catholic history.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"fall-of-granada","t":"Granada surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella","j":2266012,"k":"secular","r":"Spain","n":"Emir Muhammad XII handed over the city, ending the last Muslim state in Iberia.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Granada","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"alhambra-decree","t":"Alhambra Decree expels Jews from Spain","j":2266101,"k":"church","r":"Spain","n":"The Catholic Monarchs ordered all practising Jews to convert or leave their kingdoms by the end of July.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Decree","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"columbus-landfall","t":"Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas","j":2266296,"k":"secular","r":"Caribbean","n":"Columbus's expedition reached an island the Lucayans called Guanahani; the date is Julian (21 October in the proleptic Gregorian).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"treaty-of-tordesillas","t":"Treaty of Tordesillas","j":2266899,"k":"secular","r":"Spain / Portugal","n":"Spain and Portugal divided newly found lands outside Europe along a meridian west of the Cape Verde islands.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"da-gama-calicut","t":"Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut","j":2268342,"k":"secular","r":"India","n":"Da Gama's fleet arrived on the Malabar coast, opening a sea route from Europe to India around Africa.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"savonarola-executed","t":"Savonarola executed in Florence","j":2268345,"k":"church","r":"Italy","n":"The Dominican preacher who had dominated Florence was hanged and burned in the Piazza della Signoria.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"cabral-brazil","t":"Cabral's fleet sights Brazil","j":2269045,"k":"secular","r":"Brazil","n":"A Portuguese fleet bound for India sighted Monte Pascoal and claimed the land for Portugal.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"montesinos-sermon","t":"Montesinos preaches against abuse of the Taino","j":2273305,"k":"church","r":"Hispaniola","n":"On the fourth Sunday of Advent the Dominican Antonio de Montesinos denounced the colonists' treatment of the native people.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Montesinos","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"complutensian-nt","t":"Complutensian Polyglot New Testament completed","j":2274056,"k":"church","r":"Spain","n":"The colophon of Cardinal Cisneros's polyglot dates the first printed Greek New Testament, though the work was not issued until about 1522.","s":"Harvard Divinity School Library","u":"https://library.hds.harvard.edu/exhibits/incomparable-treasure/complutensian-polyglot","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"ninety-five-theses","t":"Luther's Ninety-five Theses","j":2275446,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"Luther sent his theses against indulgences to Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz; the posting on the Wittenberg church door is traditional.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"luther-burns-bull","t":"Luther burns the papal bull Exsurge Domine","j":2276582,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"Outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate, Luther burned the bull threatening him with excommunication, along with books of canon law.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsurge_Domine","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"diet-of-worms-speech","t":"Luther refuses to recant at the Diet of Worms","j":2276711,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"Before Emperor Charles V, Luther declined to retract his writings unless refuted by Scripture and plain reason.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"fall-of-tenochtitlan","t":"Fall of Tenochtitlan","j":2276828,"k":"secular","r":"Mexico","n":"Cuauhtemoc was captured and the Aztec capital fell to Cortes and his Tlaxcalan and other Indigenous allies after a long siege.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"victoria-completes-circumnavigation","t":"Victoria returns, completing first circumnavigation","j":2277217,"k":"secular","r":"Spain","n":"Elcano brought the last ship of Magellan's expedition into Sanlucar de Barrameda with 18 survivors.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_expedition","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"first-anabaptist-baptism","t":"First believers' baptisms in Zurich","j":2278085,"k":"church","r":"Switzerland","n":"Conrad Grebel baptised George Blaurock at Felix Manz's house, usually taken as the founding of the Anabaptist movement.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Grebel","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"first-battle-panipat","t":"First Battle of Panipat","j":2278540,"k":"secular","r":"India","n":"Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate and founded the Mughal Empire.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-mohacs","t":"Battle of Mohacs","j":2278670,"k":"secular","r":"Hungary","n":"Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the Hungarian army, and King Louis II died fleeing the field.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"schleitheim-confession","t":"Schleitheim Confession adopted","j":2278849,"k":"church","r":"Switzerland","n":"Swiss Brethren meeting under Michael Sattler agreed seven articles that defined early Anabaptist practice.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"augsburg-confession","t":"Augsburg Confession presented to Charles V","j":2280066,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"The Lutheran princes had Melanchthon's statement of faith read aloud at the Diet of Augsburg.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"guadalupe-tilma","t":"Our Lady of Guadalupe image revealed (tradition)","j":2280601,"k":"church","r":"Mexico","n":"Catholic tradition holds that Juan Diego showed Bishop Zumarraga the image on his cloak on this day; early documentation is debated.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"atahualpa-captured","t":"Pizarro captures Atahualpa at Cajamarca","j":2280941,"k":"secular","r":"Peru","n":"Spanish forces ambushed the Inca ruler's retinue in Cajamarca's plaza and took him prisoner.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"coverdale-bible","t":"Coverdale Bible finished printing","j":2281993,"k":"church","r":"England / Low Countries","n":"The colophon of Myles Coverdale's translation, the first complete printed English Bible, gives 4 October 1535.","s":"Bible Hub","u":"https://biblehub.com/history/A_Bible_for_the_People.htm","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"tyndale-executed","t":"William Tyndale executed at Vilvoorde","j":2282361,"k":"church","r":"Low Countries","n":"The translator of the English New Testament was strangled and burned for heresy; 6 October is the traditional date.","s":"The Anne Boleyn Files","u":"https://theanneboleynfiles.com/6-october-1536-william-tyndales-execution","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"sublimis-deus","t":"Paul III issues Sublimis Deus","j":2282600,"k":"church","r":"Italy / Americas","n":"The bull declared that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas were rational beings who must not be enslaved or robbed.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimis_Deus","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"jesuits-approved","t":"Society of Jesus approved by Paul III","j":2283813,"k":"church","r":"Italy","n":"The bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae formally established Ignatius of Loyola's order.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-wayna-daga","t":"Battle of Wayna Daga","j":2284690,"k":"secular","r":"Ethiopia","n":"Emperor Gelawdewos and Portuguese musketeers defeated and killed Ahmad Gran, saving the Christian Ethiopian kingdom; sources differ on the date.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga","c":"probable","o":"julian"},{"id":"council-of-trent-opens","t":"Council of Trent opens","j":2285716,"k":"church","r":"Italy","n":"The council that framed the Catholic response to the Reformation held its first session.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"book-of-common-prayer","t":"First Book of Common Prayer comes into use","j":2286990,"k":"church","r":"England","n":"Cranmer's English liturgy became mandatory on Whitsunday, sparking the Prayer Book Rebellion in the West Country.","s":"Tudor Society","u":"https://www.tudorsociety.com/9-june-the-book-of-common-prayer/","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"xavier-kagoshima","t":"Francis Xavier lands at Kagoshima","j":2287057,"k":"church","r":"Japan","n":"The Jesuit missionary came ashore with Japanese convert Anjiro, beginning Christian missions in Japan.","s":"Christian History Institute","u":"https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/it-happened-today/8/15","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"peace-of-augsburg","t":"Peace of Augsburg","j":2289289,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"The settlement let each prince of the Empire choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for his own territory.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"scots-confession","t":"Scottish Parliament approves the Scots Confession","j":2291077,"k":"church","r":"Scotland","n":"The Reformation Parliament adopted the Reformed confession drafted by John Knox and five colleagues.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-lepanto","t":"Battle of Lepanto","j":2295145,"k":"secular","r":"Greece (Ionian Sea)","n":"The Holy League's galleys destroyed most of the Ottoman fleet in the Gulf of Patras.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"st-bartholomews-massacre","t":"St Bartholomew's Day massacre begins","j":2295467,"k":"church","r":"France","n":"Catholic mobs and royal troops in Paris killed Huguenot leaders and thousands of Protestants, and the killing spread to other cities.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"honnoji-incident","t":"Oda Nobunaga dies at Honno-ji","j":2299055,"k":"secular","r":"Japan","n":"Akechi Mitsuhide's troops attacked the Kyoto temple and Nobunaga took his own life; this is a Julian conversion of the Japanese date (Tensho 10, 6th month, 2nd day).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"gregorian-calendar-begins","t":"Gregorian calendar takes effect","j":2299161,"k":"church","r":"Italy / Spain / Portugal","n":"Following Gregory XIII's bull Inter gravissimas, Catholic lands went straight from Thursday 4 October to Friday 15 October.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"armada-gravelines","t":"Battle of Gravelines breaks the Spanish Armada","j":2301285,"k":"secular","r":"English Channel","n":"English fireships and guns scattered the Armada off Flanders; this is the English Old Style date, and the Spanish recorded 8 August (New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-tondibi","t":"Battle of Tondibi","j":2302232,"k":"secular","r":"Mali / Niger (West Africa)","n":"A Moroccan army armed with firearms defeated Askia Ishaq II, bringing about the collapse of the Songhai Empire.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi","c":"probable","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"edict-of-nantes","t":"Edict of Nantes","j":2304820,"k":"church","r":"France","n":"Henry IV gave French Protestants legal toleration and civil rights, ending the Wars of Religion.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"battle-of-sekigahara","t":"Battle of Sekigahara","j":2305742,"k":"secular","r":"Japan","n":"Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory led to the Tokugawa shogunate; this is a conversion of the Japanese date (Keicho 5, 9th month, 15th day).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"ricci-enters-beijing","t":"Matteo Ricci enters Beijing","j":2305837,"k":"church","r":"China","n":"The Jesuit missionary arrived at the Ming capital and was later allowed to stay there under the Wanli Emperor's patronage.","s":"AMDG Chinese","u":"https://www.amdgchinese.org/en/?p=1228","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"jamestown-landing","t":"English colonists land at Jamestown","j":2308148,"k":"secular","r":"Virginia","n":"The Virginia Company settlers came ashore on the James River and built James Fort; the date is Old Style (24 May New Style).","s":"HISTORY.com","u":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/may-14/jamestown-settlers-arrive","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"quebec-founded","t":"Champlain founds Quebec","j":2308554,"k":"secular","r":"New France (Canada)","n":"Samuel de Champlain set up his habitation at the narrows of the St Lawrence, the start of Quebec City.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"defenestration-of-prague","t":"Defenestration of Prague","j":2312165,"k":"church","r":"Bohemia","n":"Protestant nobles threw two Catholic imperial regents and their secretary from a window of Prague Castle, triggering the Thirty Years' War.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"synod-of-dort","t":"Synod of Dort opens","j":2312339,"k":"church","r":"Netherlands","n":"The international Reformed synod at Dordrecht answered the Remonstrants and produced the Canons of Dort, closing on 9 May 1619.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Dort","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"mayflower-compact","t":"Mayflower Compact signed","j":2313078,"k":"church","r":"Massachusetts","n":"At anchor off Cape Cod, the Pilgrims and other passengers agreed to form a civil body politic; the date is Old Style (21 November New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"montreal-founded","t":"Ville-Marie (Montreal) founded","j":2320925,"k":"church","r":"New France (Canada)","n":"Maisonneuve and about fifty settlers founded a missionary colony on the island of Montreal.","s":"Parks Canada","u":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/DFHD/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1523","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"peace-of-westphalia","t":"Peace of Westphalia signed","j":2323277,"k":"church","r":"Germany","n":"The treaties of Munster and Osnabruck ended the Thirty Years' War and recognised Calvinism alongside Lutheranism and Catholicism in the Empire.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"execution-of-charles-i","t":"Execution of Charles I","j":2323385,"k":"secular","r":"England","n":"The king was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall; contemporaries wrote 1648 because their year began on 25 March, and the New Style date is 9 February.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"pascal-memorial","t":"Pascal's 'night of fire'","j":2325498,"k":"church","r":"France","n":"Blaise Pascal recorded an intense religious experience on a parchment he kept sewn into his coat until he died.","s":"CCEL","u":"https://ccel.org/ccel/pascal/memorial","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"great-ejection","t":"The Great Ejection","j":2328339,"k":"church","r":"England","n":"About two thousand ministers who would not conform to the Act of Uniformity lost their livings on St Bartholomew's Day (3 September New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ejection","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-mbwila","t":"Battle of Mbwila","j":2329491,"k":"secular","r":"Angola / Kongo","n":"Portuguese forces from Luanda defeated and killed King Antonio I of Kongo, setting off decades of civil war in the kingdom.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"great-fire-of-london","t":"Great Fire of London begins","j":2329809,"k":"secular","r":"England","n":"A fire in a bakery on Pudding Lane burned for four days and destroyed most of the medieval City, including old St Paul's (12 September New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"edict-of-fontainebleau","t":"Edict of Fontainebleau revokes Nantes","j":2336785,"k":"church","r":"France","n":"Louis XIV outlawed Protestant worship, and roughly 200,000 Huguenots fled abroad.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"william-lands-torbay","t":"William of Orange lands at Torbay","j":2337909,"k":"secular","r":"England","n":"William's landing at Brixham began the Glorious Revolution that removed James II; the date is Old Style (15 November New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"toleration-act","t":"Toleration Act receives royal assent","j":2338109,"k":"church","r":"England","n":"The Act allowed Protestant dissenters who took certain oaths to worship freely in licensed meeting houses (3 June New Style).","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration_Act_1688","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"battle-of-the-boyne","t":"Battle of the Boyne","j":2338512,"k":"secular","r":"Ireland","n":"William III defeated James II near Drogheda; the date is Old Style (11 July New Style), and the battle is now marked on 12 July.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"st-petersburg-founded","t":"Peter the Great founds Saint Petersburg","j":2343214,"k":"secular","r":"Russia","n":"Work began on the Peter and Paul Fortress on Hare Island in the Neva; Russia used the Julian calendar, and the New Style date is 27 May.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"tranquebar-mission","t":"Ziegenbalg and Plutschau land at Tranquebar","j":2344353,"k":"church","r":"India","n":"The first Protestant missionaries to India arrived at the Danish colony, and Ziegenbalg later translated the New Testament into Tamil.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquebar_Mission","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"herrnhut-founded","t":"Moravian refugees found Herrnhut","j":2350175,"k":"church","r":"Germany (Saxony)","n":"Christian David felled the first tree for a settlement on Count Zinzendorf's estate, which became the centre of the renewed Moravian Church.","s":"Christian History Institute","u":"https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/dailystory/permalink/zinzendorf-allowed-exiled-moravians-to-settle-at-herrnhut","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"moravian-pentecost","t":"Moravian 'Pentecost' at Berthelsdorf","j":2352058,"k":"church","r":"Germany (Saxony)","n":"A communion service brought renewal and reconciliation to the Herrnhut community, followed by a century-long round-the-clock prayer watch.","s":"Moravian Church","u":"https://www.moravian.org/2020/08/august-13th-the-spiritual-birthday-of-the-moravian-church/","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"moravians-st-thomas","t":"First Moravian missionaries reach St Thomas","j":2354007,"k":"church","r":"Caribbean","n":"Leonhard Dober and David Nitschmann arrived in the Danish West Indies to preach to enslaved Africans.","s":"Wikipedia","u":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Leonhard_Dober","c":"exact","o":"gregorian"},{"id":"wesley-aldersgate","t":"John Wesley's Aldersgate experience","j":2356006,"k":"church","r":"England","n":"Listening to Luther's preface to Romans read aloud, Wesley felt his heart 'strangely warmed' (4 June New Style).","s":"Christian History Institute","u":"https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/strangely-warmed-wesleys","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"whitefield-kingswood","t":"Whitefield's first open-air sermon at Kingswood","j":2356275,"k":"church","r":"England","n":"Whitefield preached in the open air to coal miners near Bristol, a key step in the field preaching of the Evangelical Revival; contemporaries wrote 1738/9 (28 February New Style).","s":"Seedbed","u":"https://seedbed.com/?p=68669","c":"exact","o":"julian"},{"id":"sinners-angry-god","t":"Edwards preaches 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'","j":2357147,"k":"church","r":"Connecticut","n":"Jonathan Edwards's sermon at Enfield became the best-known sermon of the Great Awakening (19 July New 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scheme.","s":"dsscalendar.org","u":"https://dsscalendar.org/o/","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"},{"id":"year-6001","t":"First year of the Age of the Kingdom (6001 AM)","j":2479381,"k":"biblical","r":"—","n":"Start of the 13th Onah in this calendar's scheme.","s":"dsscalendar.org","u":"https://dsscalendar.org/o/","c":"chronology","o":"dss","b":"Ken Johnson's stated year"}]